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The 2003 invasion of Iraq involved unprecedented U.S. media coverage, especially cable news networks.〔(A NATION AT WAR: THE NEWS MEDIA; Cable's War Coverage Suggests a New 'Fox Effect' on Television Journalism ) by Jim Rutenberg, nytimes.com〕 The coverage itself became a source of controversy, as media outlets were accused of pro-war bias, reporters were casualties of both Iraqi and American gunfire, and claims of censorship and propaganda became widespread. ==U.S. mainstream media coverage== The most popular cable network in the United States for news on the war was Fox News, and had begun influencing other media outlets' coverage.〔(Cable's War Coverage Suggests a New 'Fox Effect' on Television ) by Jim Rutenberg, nytimes.com〕 Fox News is owned by Rupert Murdoch, a strong supporter of the war.〔(Their master's voice ), ''The Guardian''〕〔(Inside the world of Rupert Murdoch ), MSNBC〕 On-screen during all live war coverage by Fox News was a waving flag animation in the upper left corner and the headline "Operation Iraqi Freedom" along the bottom.〔(The Press and Public Misperceptions About the Iraq War )〕 The network has shown the American flag animation in the upper-left corner since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.〔 A study conducted in 2003 by Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) tracking the frequencies of pro-war and antiwar commentators on the major networks found that pro-war views were overwhelmingly more frequent. The FAIR study found that the two networks notably least likely to present critical commentary were Fox and CBS.〔 Anti-war celebrities appearing frequently on news networks included actors Janeane Garofalo,〔(Transcript: Janeane Garofalo on Fox News Sunday )〕 Tim Robbins, Mike Farrell, Rob Reiner, Martin Sheen, Susan Sarandon and director Michael Moore.〔(Backlash over anti-war celebrities )〕 In a widely publicized story, the country music band Dixie Chicks ignited boycotts and record burnings in the U.S. for their negative remarks about President Bush in a concert in London. MSNBC also brought the American flag back on screen and regularly ran a tribute called "America's Bravest" which showed photographs sent by family members of troops deployed in Iraq. MSNBC also fired liberal Phil Donahue, a critic of Bush's Iraq policy, a month before the invasion began and replaced his show with an expanded ''Countdown: Iraq'', initially hosted by Lester Holt.〔CBS: (Phil Donahue Gets the Ax ). February 11, 2009.〕 Shortly after Donahue's firing, MSNBC hired Michael Savage, a controversial conservative radio talk show host for a Saturday afternoon show.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.sptimes.com/2003/03/07/Columns/MSNBC_shouldn_t_give_.shtml )〕 Although Donahue's show had lower ratings than several shows on other networks, and most reports on its cancellation blamed poor ratings, it was the highest-rated program on MSNBC's struggling primetime lineup at the time of its cancellation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2707 )〕 In September 2002, Donahue's show averaged 365,000 viewers, compared to rival Connie Chung's 686,000 on CNN and Bill O'Reilly's 2 million on Fox News, according to Nielsen Media Research.〔(Phil Donahue's show not drawing crowds )〕 In overall numbers, Fox News was number one, followed by CNN, and then MSNBC.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=http://www.marketwatch.com/News/Story/Story.aspx?guid=%7B5531CCF2-D364-441A-90FA-027EC0955801%7D&source=blq%2Fyhoo&dist=yhoo&siteid=yhoo )〕 It was a major success for Fox News, as many had believed CNN would reclaim the top spot, since it established itself with coverage from the 1990-1991 Gulf War. In separate incidents, at least three different Western reporters were fired or disciplined due to their actions in covering the war. Peter Arnett, an NBC and National Geographic correspondent, was fired for giving an interview with Iraqi officials in which he questioned the United States' role and saying the "first war plan had failed." Brian Walski of the ''Los Angeles Times'' was fired on March 31 for altering a photo of a U.S. soldier warning Iraqi civilians to take cover from an Iraqi aerial bombing. Geraldo Rivera left Iraq after drawing a crude map in the sand during a live broadcast on Fox News, which raised concerns at the Pentagon that he was possibly revealing vital troop movements on air. One study has compared the number of insurgent attacks in Iraq to the number of "anti-resolve" statements in the US media, the release of public opinion polls, and geographic variations in access to international media by Iraqis. The purpose was to determine if insurgents responded to information on "casualty sensitivity." The researchers found that insurgent attacks spiked by 5 to 10% after increases in the number of negative reports of the war in the media. The authors identified this as an "emboldenment effect" and concluded "insurgent groups respond rationally to expected probability of US withdrawal."〔Radha Iyengar and Jonathan Monten, ("Is There an "Emboldenment" Effect? Evidence from the Insurgency in Iraq," ) National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 13839, March 2008 (free version at ("Is There an “Emboldenment” Effect? Evidence from the Insurgency in Iraq" ))〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Media coverage of the Iraq War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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